Key knowledge:
• representations of molecular substances (electron dot formulas, structural formulas, valence structures, balland-stick models, space-filling models) including limitations of representations
• shapes of molecules and an explanation of their polar or non-polar character with reference to the electronegativities of their atoms and electron-pair repulsion theory
• explanation of properties of molecular substances (including low melting point and boiling point, softness, and non-conduction of electricity) with reference to their structure, intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces
• the relative strengths of bonds (covalent bonding, dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attraction and hydrogen bonding) and evidence and factors that determine bond strength including explanations for the floating of ice and expansion of water at higher temperatures.
• the structure and bonding of diamond and graphite that explain their properties (including heat and electrical conductivity and hardness) and their suitability for diverse applications
• the structures, properties and applications of carbon nanomaterials including graphene and fullerenes.
• representations of molecular substances (electron dot formulas, structural formulas, valence structures, balland-stick models, space-filling models) including limitations of representations
• shapes of molecules and an explanation of their polar or non-polar character with reference to the electronegativities of their atoms and electron-pair repulsion theory
• explanation of properties of molecular substances (including low melting point and boiling point, softness, and non-conduction of electricity) with reference to their structure, intramolecular bonding and intermolecular forces
• the relative strengths of bonds (covalent bonding, dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attraction and hydrogen bonding) and evidence and factors that determine bond strength including explanations for the floating of ice and expansion of water at higher temperatures.
• the structure and bonding of diamond and graphite that explain their properties (including heat and electrical conductivity and hardness) and their suitability for diverse applications
• the structures, properties and applications of carbon nanomaterials including graphene and fullerenes.